青藏高原东缘过路黄在资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内资源共享

在青藏高原和四川盆地过渡带,分别于618m和1800m两个海拔高度上研究匍匐茎克隆植物过路黄(Lysimachia christinae)在资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内资源共享及其对生长的影响.结果显示, 在海拔1800m处,与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ) 和(Ⅱ)相比, 资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)下过路黄整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均获得显著增加;在海拔618m处,与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ) 和(Ⅱ)相比,资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)下过路黄整个克隆片段生物量显著增加.在海拔618m和1800m处,生长在低光高养条件下的远端分株, 若与高光低养的近端分株相连, 相比连接到低光高养的近端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地下部分;在海拔1800m处,生长在高光低养条件下的远端分株, 若与低光高养的近端分株相连, 相比连接到高光低养的近端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分.在海拔618m和1800m处,生长在高光低养条件下的近端分株, 若与低光高养的远端分株相连, 相比连接到高光低养的远端分株, 它们分配更多的生物量到地上部分.处于资源交互斑块性生境中的过路黄发生了克隆内分工,依靠相连分株间的功能分化, 克隆植物能有效的利用异质性分布的资源, 缓解资源交互斑块性分布对克隆植物生长的不利影响.通过间隔子(匍匐茎或根状茎),相连分株间能够相互传递和共享由不同分株获得的资源,这种资源共享能够提高克隆植物在异质性生境中的存活与生长.同时,方差分析显示环境异质性和海拔的交互作用显著影响克隆片段的生物量和分株数.相比于海拔618m,在海拔1800m处克隆内资源共享对克隆植物生长表现的影响更大.     

Geometrical comparison of two protein structures using Wigner‐D functions

In this article, we develop a quantitative comparison method for two arbitrary protein structures. This method uses a root‐mean‐square deviation characterization and employs a series expansion of the protein's shape function in terms of the Wigner‐D functions to define a new criterion, which is called a “similarity value.” We further demonstrate that the expansion coefficients for the shape function obtained with the help of the Wigner‐D functions correspond to structure factors. Our method addresses the common problem of comparing two proteins with different numbers of atoms. We illustrate it with a worked example. Proteins 2014; 82:2756–2769. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

应用基因组原位杂交鉴定蓝粒小麦及其诱变后代

应用基因组原位杂交技术（GISH）对普通小麦（Triticum aestivumL.)和长穗偃麦草[Agropyron elongatum(Host)Beauv,2n=10x=70]杂交后选育出的蓝粒小麦蓝-58及其诱变后代的染色体组成进行了鉴定。结果表明,GISH可方便地检测到小麦遗传背景中的长穗偃麦草染色体或易位的片段。如前人报道,蓝-58（2n=42)是一个具有2条长穗偃麦草4E染色体的异代换系（4E/4D）。LW004可能是一个具有两对相互易位染色体的纯合系,其田间表现磷高效特性,LW43-3-4为41条染色体的蓝单体（40W 1’4E）,种子颜色为浅蓝色,通过此法还检测出一些染色体结构发生很大变异的材料如4E的单端体（40W 1‘4E),种子颜色为浅蓝色,通过此法还检测出一些染色结构发生很大变异的材料如4E的单端体（40W 1‘t4E)以及组型为39W 1‘4E 1‘t4E的个体,此项研究结果更为直观地表明控制蓝粒体状的基因的确在来自长穗偃麦草的染色体上。同时说明有效的突变方法与灵活方便的检测手段的有机结合在染色体工程材料的创制和染色体工程育种中起着至关重要的作用。     

Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms

I go deep into the biology of the human organism to argue that the psychological features and functions of persons are realized by cellular and molecular parallel distributed processing networks dispersed throughout the whole body. Persons supervene on the computational processes of nervous, endocrine, immune, and genetic networks. Persons do not go with brains.     

Suppression of spermatogenesis for cell transplantation in adult mice

Summary Spermatogenesis occurs within the testis of adult males by a complex and very well organized process. Breakthroughs in techniques such as cryopreservation and culture of spermatogenic cells and the maturation of these cells in exogenous testes after transplantation renewed the interest in this process. Transplantation of spermatogenic cells from a donor to a recipient animal needs a preparatory step that consists in the elimination of the endogenous population of spermatogenic cells. The most common method used to empty the seminiferous tubules is the treatment with busulfan (1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate). Busulfan partially eliminates stem cells because of its alkylating nature, but a residual component of stem cells survives the treatment and competes in the regeneration of the testis with transplanted cells. Estradiol has also been used as an agent that causes a delay in the process of spermatogenesis by altering its hormonal stimulation, although it does not affect the spermatogonia population. Therefore, we have tested different treatments with busulfan, estradiol benzoate, and also an agonist of the chorionic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, leuprolide acetate, for the inhibition of endogenous spermatogenesis. We have found that a combination of estradiol, busulfan, and leuprolide can destroy the population of endogenous spermatogenic cells without altering Sertoli cells and maintains the optimal environment needed to allow the development of transplanted cells.     

游离股前外侧皮瓣Ⅰ期修复大面积深度眼镜蛇伤溃疡

目的 探讨大面积深度眼镜蛇伤溃疡的修复方法。方法 对8例大面积深度眼镜蛇伤溃疡,采用游离股前外侧皮瓣,Ⅰ期修复创面。结果 8例皮瓣均全部成活,患肢外观及活动功能均满意。结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣是一种Ⅰ期修复大面积深度眼镜蛇伤溃疡的理想方法。     

Narrow hybrid zone between two subspecies of big sagebrush (ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA: Asteraceae). IX. Elemental uptake and niche separation

The concentrations of selected elements and their biological absorption coefficients were determined for leaves from plants in native stands and reciprocal transplant gardens to determine whether niche differentiation occurs among the parental taxa and their hybrids in the big sagebrush hybrid zone in Utah. The bounded hybrid superiority model predicts such niche differentiation, while the ecologically neutral dynamic equilibrium model predicts complete niche overlap, at least in the vicinity of the hybrid zone. The concentrations of elements in the leaves of site-indigenous sagebrush and the biological absorption coefficients differed significantly between the subspecies and between either parental taxon and hybrids. Within reciprocal transplant gardens, both the elemental concentrations and the biological absorption coefficients differed among the gardens and taxa. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were observed for several essential elements. Niche differentiation was evident as correspondence analyses ordinated the parental taxa and hybrids into separate groups even when raised in the same garden. These findings support the ecologically based bounded hybrid superiority model and suggest that the big sagebrush parental taxa and their hybrids have adapted to their respective unique habitats.     

Primary subcutaneous Nocardia asteroides infection in a renal allograft recipient

Nocardia asteroides is an important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The primary infection is usually in the lungs and is followed by dissemination to other parts of the body. Primary subcutaneous infection with Nocardia asteroides has been reported rarely (three reports) and no such case has been reported in a renal transplant recipient. We describe here a case of renal transplant recipient who developed primary subcutaneous infection with Nocardia asteroides within one and half years of the transplantation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Simulation and Parameter Estimation Study of a Simple Neuronal Model of Rhythm Generation: Role of NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptors

Simple neural network models of the Xenopus embryo swimming CPG, based on the one originally developed by Roberts and Tunstall (1990), were used to investigate the role of the voltage-dependent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels, in conjunction with faster non-NMDA components of synaptic excitation, in rhythm generation. The voltage-dependent NMDA current "follows" the membrane potential, leading to a postinhibitory rebound that is more efficient than one without voltage dependency and allows neurons to fire more than one action potential per cycle. Furthermore, the model demonstrated limited rhythmic activity in the absence of synaptic inhibition, supporting the hypothesis that the NMDA channels provide a basic mechanism for rhythmicity. However, the rhythmic properties induced by the NMDA current were observed only when there was moderate activation of the non-NMDA synaptic channels, suggesting a modulatory role for this component. The simulations also show that the voltage dependency of the NMDA conductance, as well as the fast non-NMDA current, stabilizes the alternation pattern versus synchrony. To verify that these effects and their implications on the mechanism of swimming and transition to other types of activity take place in the real preparation, constraints on parameter values have to be specified. A method to estimate synaptic parameters was tested with generated data. It is shown that a global analysis, based on multiple iterations of the optimization process (Foster et al., 1993), gives a better understanding of the parameter subspace describing network activity than a standard fit with a sensitivity analysis for an individual solution.